[5][6] The swastika continues to be used as a symbol of good luck and prosperity in Hindu, Buddhist and Jain countries such as Nepal, India, Mongolia, China and Japan. Following many other writers, the German nationalist poet Guido von List believed it was a uniquely Aryan symbol. 36/2007", "Germany Lifts Ban on Nazi Symbols in Video Games", "Germany Lifts Ban on Swastikas in Videogames", "Hungary, hammer and sickle ban declared illegal", "Act C of 2012 on the Criminal Code, Section 335: Use of Symbols of Totalitarianism", "Latvia Bans Nazi, Soviet Symbols at Public Events", "Latvian bill would ban Soviet, Nazi symbols", "Lithuania court rules swastikas are part of historic legacy", "How the Nazi Flags in Charlottesville Look to a German", "How Germany dealt with its symbols of hate", Responding to Hate at School: A Guide for Teachers, Counselors and Administrators, "ADL Downgrades Swastika As Jewish Hate Symbol", "Black Ops Swastika Emblems Will Earn Xbox Live Ban", "2BR02B: the journey of a dystopian film – an interview with Leon Coward", "Tajikistan: Officials Say Swastika Part Of Their Aryan Heritage – Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty © 2008", "daily picture (News from Nepal as it happens)", Toy pandas bearing swastikas a cultural mix-up, "The Official Raelian Symbol gets its swastika back", Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna, National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), National Socialist German Doctors' League, National Socialist League for Physical Exercise (NSRL), Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party, German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia), German National Movement in Liechtenstein, National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands, National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark, Nationalist Liberation Alliance (Argentina), South African Gentile National Socialist Movement, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swastika&oldid=1004810102, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2019, Articles with Chinese-language sources (zh), Articles with dead external links from January 2021, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with German-language sources (de), Articles with dead external links from December 2017, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Sanskrit-language text, Instances of Lang-sa using second unnamed parameter, Articles containing Italian-language text, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles containing Old French (842-ca. Jahrhundert jedoch … [11], The swastika is an icon which is widely found in both human history and the modern world. The tower is supported by four stone elephants, each with a swastika on each side. Loi française.Signaler. During the Bronze Age it was depicted on cauldrons, belts, medallions and other items. [185] The Nazi Reichskriegsflagge has also been seen on display at white supremacist events within United States borders.[186]. A design of interlocking swastikas is one of several tessellations on the floor of the cathedral of Amiens, France. Among the predominantly Hindu population of Bali, in Indonesia, the swastika is common in temples, homes and public spaces. In Bhutan, swastika motif is found in its architecture, fabric and religious ceremonies. The Swedish company ASEA, now a part of ABB, in the late 1800s introduced a company logo featuring a swastika. [105], Swastika on a Greek silver stater coin from Corinth, 6th century BCE, The swastika was widespread among the Illyrians, symbolizing the Sun. The swastika is a Navajo symbol for good luck, also translated to "whirling log". The swastika symbol, 卐 (right-facing or clockwise) or 卍 (left-facing, counterclockwise, or sauwastika), is an ancient religious icon in the cultures of Eurasia. Rockwell. A swastika shaped temple tank built in 800 CE by Kamban Araiyan during the reign of Dantivarman is outside the temple complex of Pundarikakshan Perumal Temple (Vishnu temple) in Thiruvallarai, Tiruchirappalli, India. The Danish brewery company Carlsberg Group used the swastika as a logo[124] from the 19th century until the middle of the 1930s when it was discontinued because of association with the Nazi Party in neighbouring Germany. [citation needed]. Nous sommes spécialisés en vente des drapeaux français, d'europe et du monde dans différentes tailles et finitions. Histoire & Collections, Paris 2014, ISBN 978-2-35250-357-6. Other Iron Age attestations of the swastika can be associated with Indo-European cultures such as the Illyrians,[63] Indo-Iranians, Celts, Greeks, Germanic peoples and Slavs. As a result of World War II and the Holocaust, many people in the West still strongly associate it with Nazism and antisemitism. Swastikas also appear in art and architecture during the Renaissance and Baroque era. La svastika, ou croix gammée (Hakenkreuz en allemand), est le symbole politique adopté par le parti nazi (NSDAP, Parti national-socialiste des travailleurs allemands) comme emblème ou logotype. Chez les hindous, elle symbolisait plutôt la construction (si la croix tourne vers la droite) ou la destruction (si elle tourne vers la gauche) Étoile à 8 branches … Грубые или разговорные переводы обычно отмечены красным или оранжевым цветом. Musaeus College in Colombo, Sri Lanka, a Buddhist girls' school, has a left facing swastika in their school logo. ), 45th Infantry Division of the United States Army, First Amendment to the United States Constitution, "How the world loved the swastika – until Hitler stole it", The Man Who Brought the Swastika to Germany, and How the Nazis Stole It, "Page:Sanskrit Grammar by Whitney p1.djvu/494 - Wikisource, the free online library", "Melissa Cody's Whirling Logs: Don't You Dare Call Them Swastikas", Swastika Flag Specifications and Construction Sheet (Germany), "Swastika: The Forgotten Constellation Representing the Chariot of Mithras", "О мировоззрении древних жителей «Страны Городов»", "Eight Thousand Years Ago Proto-Thracians Depicted the Evolution of the Divine - English", "Researchers find the Swastika predates the Indus Valley Civilization", "Jar with swastika design Majiayao culture, Machang type (Gansu or Qinghai province)", "Rock Carvings of Armenia, Fundamental Armenology, v. 2, 2015, pp. [68], The petroglyph with swastikas, Gegham mountains, Armenia[69], Swastika seals from the Indus Valley Civilization preserved at the British Museum, In Asia, the swastika symbol first appears in the archaeological record around[58] 3000 BCE in the Indus Valley Civilization. Le Tau n’est rien d’autre que la dernière lettre de l’ancien alphabet hébreu, qui représentait l’accomplissement du mot entier révélé pour Dieu. Voir plus d'idées sur le thème croix, point de croix, lettres de broderie. [103] A border of linked swastikas was a common Roman architectural motif,[104] and can be seen in more recent buildings as a neoclassical element. In red, we see the social idea of the movement; in white, the nationalistic idea; in the hooked cross, the mission of the struggle for the victory of the Aryan man, and, by the same token, the victory of the idea of creative work. [8][9][10] In several major Indo-European religions, the swastika symbolizes lightning bolts, representing the thunder god and the king of the gods, such as Indra in Vedic Hinduism, Zeus in the ancient Greek religion, Jupiter in the ancient Roman religion, and Thor in the ancient Germanic religion. Sagan suggests that in antiquity a comet could have approached so close to Earth that the jets of gas streaming from it, bent by the comet's rotation, became visible, leading to the adoption of the swastika as a symbol across the world. The investigators put forth the theory that the swastika moved westward from India to Finland, Scandinavia, the Scottish Highlands and other parts of Europe. An important early use of the word swastika in a European text was in 1871 with the publications of Heinrich Schliemann, who discovered more than 1,800 ancient samples of the swastika symbol and its variants while digging the Hisarlik mound near the Aegean Sea coast for the history of Troy. [149] A brightly colored First Nations saddle featuring swastika designs is on display at the Royal Saskatchewan Museum in Canada. [153], In February 1925, the Kuna revolted vigorously against Panamanian suppression of their culture, and in 1930 they assumed autonomy. Interrogatoire du SS Roland Nosek. Grâce à vous la base de définition peut s’enrichir, il suffit pour cela de renseigner vos définitions dans le formulaire. A ceiling painted in 1910 in the church of St Laurent in Grenoble has many swastikas. "This has long been the case for films and with regards to the freedom of the arts, this is now rightly also the case with computer and videogames. Croix gammée — Solutions pour Mots fléchés et mots croisés. [95][additional citation(s) needed], The bronze frontispiece of a ritual pre-Christian (c. 350–50 BCE) shield found in the River Thames near Battersea Bridge (hence "Battersea Shield") is embossed with 27 swastikas in bronze and red enamel. Перевод контекст "une croix gammée ici" c французский на русский от Reverso Context: Il y avait une croix gammée ici et j'ai juste pensé que c'était mieux si, à la place de la croix gammée, il y aurait une maison, Vous savez ce que cela signifie? Le terme anglais, fylfot dérive quant à lui du mot scandinave fyl signifiant « beaucoup » et fot « pied ». (2015), [Hong Kong Red Swastika Society Tai Po Secondary School Official website, [Hong Kong Red Swastika Society Tuen Mun Primary School website, adopted by several organizations in pre–World War I Europe, Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Western use of the swastika in the early 20th century, Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (S.E.C.C. This led to an opposition campaign by Hindu groups across Europe against a ban on the swastika. Origines du symbole. His work was published in 1923, by a publishing house that was then based in the Dębniki district of Kraków. Les termes croix viennent du mot latin crux qui a le sens de « gibet », « potence ».. Selon le Robert historique de la langue française « Dès Plaute (254-184 av. [80] As the negative space between the lines has a distinctive shape, the sayagata pattern is sometimes called the key fret motif in English. du Gerfaut, 1972 - in-8 broché - 307 p. Traces sur la couverture, bords frottés. [citation needed] During the Tang dynasty, Empress Wu Zetian (684–704) decreed that the swastika would also be used as an alternative symbol of the Sun. It symbolized many things to the Europeans, with the most common symbolism being of good luck and auspiciousness. Since the Middle Ages, it has been used as a mon by various Japanese families such as Tsugaru clan, Hachisuka clan or around 60 clans that belong to Tokugawa clan. [90], In modern Russia, some neo-Nazis[91][92] and also Rodnovers argue that the Russian name of the swastika is kolovrat (Russian: коловрат, literally "spinning wheel"), but there are no ethnographic sources confirming this. Cette forme rappelle la lettre grecque gamma, qui a donné l'appellation «croix gammée». Lettres connues et inconnues Entrez les lettres connues dans l'ordre et remplacez les lettres inconnues par un espace, un point, une virgule ou une étoile. Drapeaux pas cher à acheter chez nous. На обратной стороне изображены: Фельдхернхалле (место, где был остановлен Пивной путч), Je t'avais dit de ne pas prendre ce nuage qui ressemblait à une, Я тебе говорил не фоткать то облако, в виде, À moins que nous ne prenions des mesures radicales, la, И если мы не примем решительных мер, то уже к следующему Рождеству над Даунинг-стрит будет развеваться, Oui, mais j'ai penser que ce serait mieux si, à la place de la, Да, но я просто думал, что было бы круче, если. [94] The Kolovrat has since been used by the Rusich Battalion, a Russian militant group known for its operation during the War in Donbass. This insignia was used on the party's flag, badge, and armband. Pendant cette année 2006, le groupe a fait des concerts et le 19 novembre, le groupe commence l'enregistrement de Nepenthes.Nepenthes sorti le 25 novembre, est le première demo single. Les pretresses de la croix gammee | KURT GERWITZ | ISBN: | Kostenloser Versand für alle Bücher mit Versand und Verkauf duch Amazon. The left facing sauwastika symbol is found in tantric rituals.[8]. "10,000-character"). One Narva resident was sentenced to 1 year in jail for distribution of Kolovrat. [162], During World War II it was common to use small swastikas to mark air-to-air victories on the sides of Allied aircraft, and at least one British fighter pilot inscribed a swastika in his logbook for each German plane he shot down. [20] It is alternatively spelled in contemporary texts as svastika,[21] and other spellings were occasionally used in the 19th and early 20th century, such as suastika. [181], The public display of Nazi-era German flags (or any other flags) is protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, which guarantees the right to freedom of speech. Visitez-nous pour en savoir plus et profitez lors de votre prochain achat de drapeau des prix discounts dans notre boutique en lig [188], In 2010 the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) downgraded the swastika from its status as a Jewish hate symbol, saying "We know that the swastika has, for some, lost its meaning as the primary symbol of Nazism and instead become a more generalized symbol of hate". However, Liebenfels was drawing on an already-established use of the symbol. [16][23][24], The word swasti occurs frequently in the Vedas as well as in classical literature, meaning "health, luck, success, prosperity", and it was commonly used as a greeting. Earlier versions pointed counter-clockwise, while later versions pointed clock-wise and eliminated the white background. La livraison est rapide. [108] Among the oldest petroglyphs is the seventh letter of the Armenian alphabet – Է – "E" (which means "is" or "to be") – depicted as a half-swastika. In Black Ops, players are allowed to customize their name tags to represent, essentially, whatever they want. Tunis sous la croix gammée: 8 novembre 1942-7 mai 1943 (French Edition) eBook: Boretz, Eugène: Amazon.de: Kindle-Shop Wählen Sie Ihre Cookie-Einstellungen Wir verwenden Cookies und ähnliche Tools, um Ihr Einkaufserlebnis zu verbessern, um unsere Dienste anzubieten, um zu verstehen, wie die Kunden unsere Dienste nutzen, damit wir Verbesserungen vornehmen können, und um Werbung … A meander of connected swastikas makes up the large band that surrounds the Augustan Ara Pacis. Dessin croix gammée loi française. Мы не выбираем и не утверждаем примеры, и они могут содержать неприемлемые слова или идеи. [187] It was "re-used" by successor organizations in 1983, without the publicity Rockwell's organization enjoyed. [191], In the Indiana Jones Stunt Spectacular in Disney Hollywood Studios in Orlando, Florida, the swastikas on German trucks, aircraft and actor uniforms in the reenactment of a scene from Raiders of the Lost Ark were removed in 2004. Boreyko, Borzym, and Radziechowski from Ruthenia, also had swastikas as their coat of arms. Their origin was the personal coat of arms of Abbot Theoderich Hagn of the monastery in Lambach, which bore a golden swastika with slanted points on a blue field. Ashanti nkontim Manji (Japanese character). Browse thousands of community created Minecraft Banners on Planet Minecraft! [167] In late 2005 police raided the offices of the punk rock label and mail order store "Nix Gut Records" and confiscated merchandise depicting crossed-out swastikas and fists smashing swastikas. Freed, S. A. and R. S., "Origin of the Swastika", Dunham, Dows "A Collection of 'Pot-Marks' from Kush and Nubia", Kush, 13, 131–147, 1965, a term coined by Anna Roes, "Tierwirbel", IPEK, 1936–37. Couverture rempliée. Textile number T.231-1923 held at the V&A Museum in London includes small swastikas in its design. saillant forbachois » sous la croix gammée. All swastikas are bent crosses based on a chiral symmetry, but they appear with different geometric details: as compact crosses with short legs, as crosses with large arms and as motifs in a pattern of unbroken lines. Il serait bon d'avoir un scan très précis afin de déterminer si la croix est dessus ou dessous le tampon, celà donnerait une idée du moment de son apposition. In the Polish First Republic the symbol of the swastika was also popular with the nobility. [12][8] In various forms, it is otherwise known (in various European languages) as the fylfot, gammadion, tetraskelion, or cross cramponnée (a term in Anglo-Norman heraldry); German: Hakenkreuz; French: croix gammée; Italian: croce uncinata. [166], A controversy was stirred by the decision of several police departments to begin inquiries against anti-fascists. The Swastika Laundry was a laundry founded in 1912, located on Shelbourne Road, Ballsbridge, a district of Dublin, Ireland. It was used by the Nazi Party to symbolize German nationalistic pride. The stole worn by a priest in the 1445 painting of the Seven Sacraments by Rogier van der Weyden presents the swastika form simply as one way of depicting the cross. ", When Hitler created a flag for the Nazi Party, he sought to incorporate both the swastika and "those revered colors expressive of our homage to the glorious past and which once brought so much honor to the German nation". From 1909 to 1916, the K-R-I-T automobile, manufactured in Detroit, Michigan, used a right-facing swastika as their trademark. According to the protocol, the president shall wear the Grand Cross of the White Rose with collar on formal occasions. [189] The ADL notes on their website that the symbol is often used as "shock graffiti" by juveniles, rather than by individuals who hold white supremacist beliefs, but that it is still a predominant symbol amongst American white supremacists (particularly as a tattoo design) and used with anti-Semitic intention. [98] A number of swastikas have been found embossed in Galician metal pieces and carved in stones, mostly from the Castro Culture period, although there also are contemporary examples (imitating old patterns for decorative purposes).[99][100]. Swastikas in Armenia were founded on petroglyphs from the copper age, predating the Bronze Age. Je n'ai pas retrouvé cette lettre dans la vente mais en tout état de cause très curieuse présence de cette croix !!! They pointed out that the swastika has been around for 5,000 years as a symbol of peace. Exemple: "P ris", "P.ris", "P,ris" ou "P*ris" Rechercher. Swastikas have also been found on pottery in archaeological digs in Africa, in the area of Kush and on pottery at the Jebel Barkal temples,[60] in Iron Age designs of the northern Caucasus (Koban culture), and in Neolithic China in the Majiabang[61] and Majiayao[62] cultures. ", "Planted in 1933 this mysterious forest swastika remained unnoticed until 1992 – it was then quickly cut down", "Battle of Britain hero's medals to go under the hammer", "Stuttgart Seeks to Ban Anti-Fascist Symbols", "Bundesgerichtshof press statement No. He suggests that this notion later flourished in Roman Mithraism, as the symbol appears in Mithraic iconography and astronomical representations. The current seal also includes the text "There is no religion higher than truth. [72][73] It is one of the most common symbols on Mesopotamian coins.[8]. Anthropologist Frank Hamilton Cushing noted that among the Pima the symbol of the four winds is made from a cross with the four curved arms (similar to a broken sun cross), and concludes "the right-angle swastika is primarily a representation of the circle of the four wind gods standing at the head of their trails, or directions". 1-22", "A symbol is a thought, a drawing, an action, an archetype, etcetera of the conceptualization of a thing that exists either in reality or in the imagination", "Significance of Swastika in Diwali celebrations", Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System, s:ru:Приказ войскам Юго-Восточного фронта от 3 November 1919 № 213, "Книга: Барон фон Унгерн – Белый бог войны", "Сомнительная символика в лагере Азовец: зачем выглядеть, как сторонники ДНР? Ancient religious icon in Eurasian cultures, later symbol of Nazism, Left: the left-facing sauwastika is a sacred symbol in the, The aircraft roundel and insignia of the Finnish Air force from 1934–1945, Old and new versions of the 45th Infantry Division, Divisional insignia of the 5th SS Panzer Division, The Raëlian symbol with the swastika (left) and the alternative spiral version (right). [53], The earliest known swastika is from 10,000 BCE – part of "an intricate meander pattern of joined-up swastikas" found on a late paleolithic figurine of a bird, carved from mammoth ivory, found in Mezine, Ukraine. "the myriad things" in the Tao Te Ching. The right-facing swastika is often referred to as the gyaku manji (逆卍, lit. In the Zoroastrian religion of Persia, the swastika was a symbol of the revolving sun, infinity, or continuing creation. [168], On Friday, 17 March 2006, a member of the Bundestag, Claudia Roth reported herself to the German police for displaying a crossed-out swastika in multiple demonstrations against Neo-Nazis, and subsequently got the Bundestag to suspend her immunity from prosecution. In Copenhagen at the entrance gate, and tower, of the company's headquarters, built in 1901, swastikas can still be seen. [70][71] It also appears in the Bronze and Iron Age cultures around the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. The original war-time idea was that the public swap their precious metal rings for the state air defence's relief ring, made of iron. [12][8] The swastika is a sacred symbol in the Bön religion, native to Tibet. As in Latvia, the symbol is a traditional Baltic ornament,[136][146] found on relics dating from at least the 13th century. [8] In the Śvētāmbara tradition, it is also one of the aṣṭamaṅgala or eight auspicious symbols. Chilocco Indian Agricultural School basketball team in 1909. In the fifties Heinrich Böll came across a van belonging to the company while he was staying in Ireland, leading to some awkward moments before he realized the company was older than Nazism and totally unrelated to it. The Finnish Air Force used the swastika as an emblem, introduced in 1918, until January 2017. [55], Mirror-image swastikas (clockwise and anti-clockwise) have been found on ceramic pottery in the Devetashka cave, Bulgaria, dated to 6,000 BCE.[57]. [8] The clockwise swastika is a solar symbol (Surya), suggesting the motion of the Sun in India (the northern hemisphere), where it appears to enter from the east, then ascend to the south at midday, exiting to the west. The word was first recorded by the ancient linguist Pāṇini in his work Ashtadhyayi. Allworth Press, New York, 2008 pp. publicité LE « SAILLANT FORBACHOIS » SOUS LA CROIX GAMMÉE 1 - La situation initiale La Deuxième guerre mondiale en avait fait un glacis où s'affrontè­ rent des commandos dans une guerre de positions, comme les 10 j anvier et 8 février 1940 à Forbach, si l'on excepte la difficile avance … It was later replaced with a thunderbird symbol. La présidente de la région Occitanie a publié un message sur Twitter annonçant qu'elle avait reçu une lettre antisémite avec des croix gammées, symbole nazi. [1][2] According to Norman McClelland its symbolism for motion and the Sun may be from shared prehistoric cultural roots.[77]. In the aftermath of World War II it has been considered a symbol of hate in the West,[164] and of white supremacy in many Western countries. Steven Heller, "The Swastika: Symbol Beyond Redemption?" Swastikas can also be seen on early Medieval churches and fortresses, including the principal tower in Armenia's historical capital city of Ani. Many Chinese religions make use of the swastika symbol, including Guiyidao and Shanrendao. Fylfot. 20-30ie gadi, 44.3 x 34.2 mm, 15.60 g, darbnīca V. F. Millers", "Latvijas armijas, Nacionālo Bruņoto Spēku un citu iestāžu karogi", "Exhibition "The Lāčplēsis Military Order" ← National History Museum of Latvia", "Swastika – historical heritage of Lithuania", "Svastika Mūsų protėvių lietuvių simbolis | Sarmatai", "Why is there a Swastika on the saddle in the First Nations Gallery? Carved fretwork forming a swastika in the window of a Lalibela rock-hewn church in Ethiopia. [19] Most scholarship suggests that Panini lived in or before the 4th-century BCE,[28][29] possibly in 6th or 5th century BCE. Définition ou synonyme. Unlike the much more recent Raëlian movement, the Theosophical Society symbol has been free from controversy, and the seal is still used. Olivier Pigoreau: Un espion nazi à Paris. Jains use rice to make a swastika in front of statues and then put an offering on it, usually a ripe or dried fruit, a sweet (Hindi: मिठाई miṭhāī), or a coin or currency note. Before the Nazis, the swastika was already in use as a symbol of German völkisch nationalist movements (Völkische Bewegung). The swastika remains prominent in Hindu ceremonies such as weddings. [91] A criminal investigation found the paper included an array of racial epithets. [155][156] The emblem was a black swastika rotated 45 degrees on a white circle on a red background. Leur premier live se déroula le 22 avril 2006. It has been suggested that this swastika may be a stylized picture of a stork in flight. [74] The clockwise symbol is more common, and contrasts with the counter clockwise version common in the Tibetan Bon tradition and locally called yungdrung. One common pattern, called sayagata in Japanese, comprises left- and right-facing swastikas joined by lines. "reverse swastika") or migi manji (右卍, lit. The first time the swastika was used with an "Aryan" meaning was on 25 December 1907, when the self-named Order of the New Templars, a secret society founded by Lanz von Liebenfels, hoisted at Werfenstein Castle (Austria) a yellow flag with a swastika and four fleurs-de-lys.[161]. Gabriel Diaz, 26 ans, explique se revendiquer de la pensée. The clockwise or right hand icon is called swastika, while the counterclockwise or left hand icon is called sauwastika or sauvastika. Even wider diffusion of this "Asiatic" theme has been proposed, to the Pacific and even North America (especially Moundville). On maps of the period, the sites of hydroelectric power stations were marked with swastikas. In Armenia the swastika is called the "arevakhach" and "kerkhach" (Armenian: կեռխաչ)[107][dubious – discuss] and is the ancient symbol of eternity and eternal light (i.e. "[123] [120][121] By the early 20th century, it was used worldwide and was regarded as a symbol of good luck and success. The word swastika comes from Sanskrit: स्वस्तिक, romanized: svástika, meaning "conducive to well-being". [159][160] High-ranking Nazi theorist Alfred Rosenberg noted that the Indo-Aryan peoples were both a model to be imitated and a warning of the dangers of the spiritual and racial "confusion" that, he believed, arose from the proximity of races. The sauwastika is included in the Unicode character sets of two languages. Compilhistoire - Bienvenue sur Compilhistoire. In Mongolian it is called Хас (khas) and mainly used in seals. [109], Swastika shapes have been found on numerous artifacts from Iron Age Europe. "[172][173], The European Union's Executive Commission proposed a European Union-wide anti-racism law in 2001, but European Union states failed to agree on the balance between prohibiting racism and freedom of expression. Lara Nagy, Jane Vadnal, "Glossary Medieval Art and Architecture", Concise Armenian Encyclopedia, Yerevan, v. II, p. 663, Adney, Edwin Tappan and Chapelle, Howard I. [81] The runic inscription on the 8th-century Sæbø sword has been taken as evidence of the swastika as a symbol of Thor in Norse paganism. The Nazis thus co-opted the sign as a symbol of the Aryan master race, although the use of the swastika as an Aryan symbol dates back to the late-19th century writings of Émile-Louis Burnouf.